2.2.3 Routers

In the Internet model, constituent networks are connected together by IP datagram forwarders which are called routers or IP routers. In this document, every use of the term router is equivalent to IP router. Many older Internet documents refer to routers as gateways.

Historically, routers have been realized with packet-switching software executing on a general-purpose CPU. However, as custom hardware development becomes cheaper and as higher throughput is required, special purpose hardware is becoming increasingly common. This specification applies to routers regardless of how they are implemented.

A router connects to two or more logical interfaces, represented by IP subnets or unnumbered point to point lines (discussed in section [2.2.7]). Thus, it has at least one physical interface. Forwarding an IP datagram generally requires the router to choose the address and relevant interface of the next-hop router or (for the final hop) the destination host. This choice, called relaying or forwarding depends upon a route database within the router. The route database is also called a routing table or forwarding table. The term "router" derives from the process of building this route database; routing protocols and configuration interact in a process called routing.

The routing database should be maintained dynamically to reflect the current topology of the Internet system. A router normally accomplishes this by participating in distributed routing and reachability algorithms with other routers.

Routers provide datagram transport only, and they seek to minimize the state information necessary to sustain this service in the interest of routing flexibility and robustness.

Packet switching devices may also operate at the Link Layer; such devices are usually called bridges. Network segments that are connected by bridges share the same IP network prefix forming a single IP subnet. These other devices are outside the scope of this document.